Translation and cultural adaptation of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale for caregivers of people living with dementia in Brazilian context: a methodological study
Keywords:
Dementia, Caregivers, Transcultural study, Mental health, Positive aspects of caregiving, Adaptation of instruments, Major neurocognitive disorder, Family caregiverAbstract
BACKGROUND: The Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) scale is used to assess psychosocial benefits provided to caregivers by the task of caring. The PAC scale consists of nine items, assessed using a five-point Likert scale, with higher values indicating greater positive perceptions and gains from the caregiving experience.
OBJECTIVE: To translate and culturally adapt the PAC scale for informal Brazilian caregivers of people with dementia.
DESIGN AND SETTING: A methodological study was conducted at the Federal University of São Carlos.
METHODS: The following stages were carried out: Translation; Synthesis of the translations; Back-translation; Evaluation by an experts’ committee; and Pre-test.
RESULTS: Two independent professionals translated the PAC scale. The consensus version was obtained by merging both translations, which were back-translated into English by a third translator. The expert committee comprised three specialists in the area and project researchers. All scale items presented a Content Validity Index of 1 (CVI = 1.0), and thus remained in the pre-final version of the instrument. The instrument was pre-tested with seven caregivers of people with dementia, the majority of whom were women (57.1%), with a degree of kinship corresponding to sons/daughters (57.1%) and an average age of 55.2 (± 4.1) years. The caregivers considered it clear and understandable and made no suggestions for changes.
CONCLUSION: The PAC scale was translated and culturally adapted for use by informal caregivers of people with dementia in Brazil. However, a psychometric analysis of the instrument is necessary to provide normative data for this population group.
Downloads
References
Keating N, Eales J, Funk L, Fast J, Min J. Life course trajectories of family care. Int J Care Caring. 2019;3(2):147-63. https://doi.org/10.1332/2397 88219X15473079319309.
Quinn C, Toms G. Influence of Positive Aspects of Dementia
Caregiving on Caregivers’ Well-Being: a Systematic Review.
Gerontologist. 2019;59(5):e584-96. PMID: 30597058; https://doi. org/10.1093/geront/gny168.
Pysklywec A, Plante M, Auger C, et al. The positive effects of caring for family carers of older adults: a scoping review. Int J Care Caring. 2020;4(3):349-75. https://doi.org/10.1332/239788220X15925902138734.
Tarlow BJ, Wisniewski SR, Belle SH, et al. Positive aspects of caregiving: Contributions of the REACH project to the development of new measures for Alzheimer’s caregiving. Res Aging. 2004;26(4):429-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504264493.
Quinn C, Nelis SM, Martyr A, et al. Influence of positive and negative dimensions of dementia caregiving on caregiver well-being and satisfaction with life: findings from the IDEAL study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;27(8):838-48. PMID: 30917903; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jagp.2019.02.005.
Lindeza P, Rodrigues M, Costa J, Guerreiro M, Rosa MM. Impact of dementia on informal care: a systematic review of family caregivers’ perceptions. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2020:bmjspcare-2020-002242. PMID: 33055092; https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2020-002242.
Brini S, Hodkinson A, Davies A, et al. In-home dementia caregiving is associated with greater psychological burden and poorer mental health than out-of-home caregiving: a cross-sectional study. Aging Ment Health. 2022;26(4):709-15. PMID: 33554655; https://doi.org/10 .1080/13607863.2021.1881758.
Tsai CF, Hwang WS, Lee JJ, et al. Predictors of caregiver burden in aged caregivers of demented older patients. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):59. PMID: 33446114; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02007-1.
Pinyopornpanish M, Pinyopornpanish K, Soontornpun A, et al. Perceived stress and depressive symptoms not neuropsychiatric symptoms predict caregiver burden in Alzheimer’s disease: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatric. 2021;21(1):180. PMID: 33711938; https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12877-021-02136-7.
Gonçalves-Pereira M, Carmo I, da Silva JA, et al. Caregiving experiences and knowledge about dementia in Portuguese clinical outpatient settings. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22(2):270-80. PMID: 19891814; https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1041610209991050.
Roth DL, Dilworth-Anderson P, Huang J, Gross AL, Gitlin LN. Positive Aspects of Family Caregiving for Dementia: Differential Item Functioning by Race. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2015;70(6):813-9. PMID: 26033356; https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv034.
Tsatali M, Egkiazarova M, Toumpalidou M, et al. Greek adaptation of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) Scale in dementia caregivers.
Clin Gerontol. 2022;45(3):538-47. PMID: 31684839; https://doi.org/10. 1080/07317115.2019.1685047.
Siow JYM, Chan A, Østbye T, Cheng GH, Malhotra R. Validity and reliability of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) Scale and development of its shorter version (S-PAC) among family caregivers of older adults.
Gerontologist. 2017;57(4):e75-84. PMID: 28082275; https://doi. org/10.1093/geront/gnw198.
Furukawa H, Greiner C. Reliability and validation of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving scale among Japanese caregivers of people with dementia.
Int J Nurs Sci. 2021;8(2):210-4. PMID: 33997136; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijnss.2021.03.007.
Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures.
Spine. 2000;25(24):3186-91. PMID: 11124735; https://doi. org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014.
Lynn MR. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res. 1986;35(6):382-5. PMID: 3640358; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199198611000-00017.
Cordeiro TLR, de Souza JM. Tradução, validação e adaptação transcultural de instrumento para ensino de cricotireoidostomia por punção. Espac Saúde. 2021;22:e769. https://doi.org/10.22421/1517-7130/es.2021v22. e769.
Lee Y, Li L. Evaluating the Positive Experience of Caregiving: A Systematic Review of the Positive Aspects of Caregiving Scale. Gerontologist. 2022;62(9):e493-e507. PMID: 34216215; https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/ gnab092.
Lou VW, Lau BH, Cheung KS. Positive aspects of caregiving (PAC): scale validation among Chinese dementia caregivers (CG). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60(2):299-306. PMID: 25488014; https://doi.org/10.1016/j. archger.2014.10.019.
Sakanashi S, Fujita K, Konno R. Empowerment among family caregivers of community-dwelling people with dementia in Japan: a qualitative research study. J Nurs Res. 2021;29(3):e155. PMID: 33840772; https:// doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000430.
Liu J, Lou Y, Wu B, Mui ACYS. “I’ve been always strong to conquer any suffering:” challenges and resilience of Chinese American dementia caregivers in a life course perspective. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25(9):1716-24. PMID: 32687392; https://doi.org/10.1080/136078
2020.1793900.
Kyei-Arthur F, Codjoe SNA, Badasu DM. Exploring positive experiences of primary and secondary caregivers of older persons in resource-limited urban settings in Accra, Ghana. PLoS One. 2022;17(4):e0266269. PMID: 35363808; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266269.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 São Paulo Medical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
