Potential mechanisms linking probiotics to diabetes
a narrative review of the literature
Keywords:
Molecular mechanisms of pharmacological action, Probiotics, Diabetes mellitus, Review, MicrobiotaAbstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Some studies have suggested a wide range of possible mechanisms through which probiotics may play a role in diabetes prevention and treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We conducted this study to review the potential mechanisms suggested for the effect of probiotics in diabetes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review conducted at the Food Security Research Center of Isfahan. METHODS: A search in the electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane library, Web of Science and Google scholar was performed up to October 2016. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 1214 reports. After removing duplicates, 704 titles and abstracts were screened. Finally, out of 83 full-text articles that were reviewed for eligibility, 30 articles were included in the final analysis. The anti-diabetic mechanisms for probiotics reported encompass intraluminal and direct effects on the intestinal mucosa and microbiota (n = 13), anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects (n = 10), antioxidative effects (n = 5), effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance (n = 6), with some studies pointing to more than one mechanism. CONCLUSION: The results may throw some light on the capacity of probiotics as a novel approach towards controlling diabetes. However, further human studies are warranted to elucidate and confirm the potential role of probiotics in diabetes prevention and treatment. Also, it needs to be ascertained whether the effectiveness of probiotics in diabetes prevention and treatment is dependent on the strain of the microorganisms.
Downloads
References
Hemarajata P, Versalovic J. Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2013;6(1):39-51.
Ozdemir O. Various effects of different probiotic strains in allergic disorders: an update from laboratory and clinical data. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;160(3):295-304.
Idzior Walus B, Walus-Miarka M. Is now the time for probiotics in diabetes management? Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2015;125(11):797-8.
Tonucci LB, Olbrich Dos Santos KM, Licursi de Oliveira L, Rocha Ribeiro SM, Duarte Martino HS. Clinical application of probiotics in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Nutr. 2015;pii: S0261-5614(15)00331-3.
Kasinska MA, Drzewoski J. Effectiveness of probiotics in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2015;125(11):803-13.
Tremaroli V, Bäckhed F. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature. 2012;489(7415):242-9.
Kim JJ, Sears DD. TLR4 and Insulin Resistance. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2010;2010. pii: 212563.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264-9, W64.
Everard A, Cani PD. Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013;27(1):73-83.
Balakumar M, Prabhu D, Sathishkumar C, et al. Improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by probiotic strains of Indian gut origin in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Eur J Nutr. 2016. [Epub ahead of print].
Hung S-C, Tseng W-T, Pan T-M. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 ameliorates impaired glucose tolerance induced by a high-fat, high-fructose diet in Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Functional Foods. 2016;24:472-81. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464616301086 Accessed in 2017 (Feb 2).
Tian P, Li B, He C, et al. Antidiabetic (type 2) effects of Lactobacillus G15 and Q14 in rats through regulation of intestinal permeability and microbiota. Food Funct. 2016;7(9):3789-97.
Dolpady J, Sorini C, Di Pietro C, et al. Oral Probiotic VSL#3 Prevents Autoimmune Diabetes by Modulating Microbiota and Promoting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Enriched Tolerogenic Intestinal Environment. J Diabetes Res. 2016; 2016:7569431.
Duan FF, Liu JH, March JC. Engineered commensal bacteria reprogram intestinal cells into glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells for the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes. 2015;64(5):1794-803.
Holowacz S, Guigné C, Chêne G, et al. A multispecies Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing probiotic mixture attenuates body weight gain and insulin resistance after a short-term challenge with a high-fat diet in C57/BL6J mice. PharmaNutrition.2015; 3(3): 1017. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213434415000158 Accessed in 2017 (Feb 2).
Le TK, Hosaka T, Nguyen TT, et al. Bifidobacterium species lower serum glucose, increase expressions of insulin signaling proteins, and improve adipokine profile in diabetic mice. Biomed Res. 2015;36(1):63-70.
Park KY, Kim B, Hyun CK. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves glucose tolerance through alleviating ER stress and suppressing macrophage activation in db/db mice. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2015;56(3):240-6.
Stenman LK, Waget A, Garret C, et al. Probiotic B420 and prebiotic polydextrose improve efficacy of antidiabetic drugs in mice. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2015; 7:75.
Wei S-H, Chen Y-P, Chen M-J. Selecting probiotics with the abilities of enhancing GLP-1 to mitigate the progression of type 1 diabetes in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015;18 (Part A):473-86. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464615004004 Accessed in 2017 (Feb 2).
Everard A, Matamoros S, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Cani PD. Saccharomyces boulardii administration changes gut microbiota and reduces hepatic steatosis, low-grade inflammation, and fat mass in obese and type 2 diabetic db/db mice. MBio. 2014;5(3):e01011-14.
Kim SH, Huh CS, Choi ID, et al. The anti-diabetic activity of Bifidobacterium lactis HY8101 in vitro and in vivo. J Appl Microbiol. 2014;117(3):834-45.
Zhang Y, Guo X, Guo J, et al. Lactobacillus casei reduces susceptibility to type 2 diabetes via microbiota-mediated body chloride ion influx. Sci Rep. 2014; 4:5654.
Li C, Ding Q, Nie SP, et al. Carrot juice fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 ameliorates type 2 diabetes in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62(49):11884-91.
Bejar W, Hamden K, Ben Salah R, Chouayekh H. Lactobacillus plantarum TN627 significantly reduces complications of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Anaerobe. 2013; 24:4-11.
Hsieh FC, Lee CL, Chai CY, et al. Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-263 improves insulin resistance and ameliorates hepatic steatosis in high fructose-fed rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013;10(1):35.
Okubo T, Takemura N, Yoshida A, Sonoyama K. KK/Ta Mice Administered Lactobacillus plantarum Strain No. 14 Have Lower Adiposity and Higher Insulin Sensitivity. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2013;32(3):93-100.
Yadav H, Lee JH, Lloyd J, Walter P, Rane SG. Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(35):25088-97.
Amar J, Chabo C, Waget A, et al. Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3(9):559-72.
Kingma SD, Li N, Sun F, et al. Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 stimulates the innate immune response through Toll-like receptor 9 in Caco-2 cells and increases intestinal crypt Paneth cell number in biobreeding diabetes-prone rats. J Nutr. 2011;141(6):1023-8.
Lau K, Benitez P, Ardissone A, et al. Inhibition of type 1 diabetes correlated to a Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2-mediated Th17 bias. J Immunol. 2011;186(6):3538-46.
Zarfeshani A, Khaza'ai H, Mohd Ali R, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus casei on the Production of Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2011;3(3-4):168-74.
Aumeunier A, Grela F, Ramadan A, et al. Systemic Toll-like receptor stimulation suppresses experimental allergic asthma and autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. PloS One. 2010;5(7): e11484.
Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR. Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei in high fructose fed rats. Nutrition. 2007;23(1):62-8.
Yadav H, Jain S, Sinha PR. Oral administration of dahi containing probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei delayed the progression of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. J Dairy Res. 2008;75(2):189-95.
Calcinaro F, Dionisi S, Marinaro M, et al. Oral probiotic administration induces interleukin-10 production and prevents spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Diabetologia. 2005;48(8):1565-75.
Tabuchi M, Ozaki M, Tamura A, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Lactobacillus GG in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003;67(6):1421-4.
Matsuzaki T, Nagata Y, Kado S, et al. Effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus casei on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. APMIS. 1997;105(8):637-42.
Matsuzaki T, Yamazaki R, Hashimoto S, Yokokura T. Antidiabetic effects of an oral administration of Lactobacillus casei in a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model using KK-Ay mice. Endocr J. 1997;44(3):357-65.
Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, et al. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition. 2012;28(5):539-43.
Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87(4):1409-39.
Fernández-Real JM, Pickup JC. Innate immunity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012; 55(2):273-8.
Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24-38.
Rahbani-Nobar M, Rahimi-Pour A, Rahbani-Nobar M, Adi-Beig F, Mirhashemi SM. Total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in diabetic patients. Medical Journal of Islamic Academy Sciences. 1999;12(4):109-14. Available from: http://www.journalagent.com/ias/pdfs/IAS_12_4_109_114.pdf Accessed in 2017 (Feb 2).
Kasuga A, Nakaki T, Takei I, et al. Nitric oxide is important for mouse beta-cell line killing by peritoneal exudate cells obtained from cyclophosphamide treated non-obese diabetic mice. Endrocr J. 1995;42(2):259-63.
Kim SW, Park KY, Kim B, Kim E, Hyun CK. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves insulin sensitivity and reduces adiposity in high-fat diet-fed mice through enhancement of adiponectin production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2013;431(2):258-63.
Soares FL, de Oliveira Matoso R, Teixeira LG, et al. Gluten-free diet reduces adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance associated with the induction of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24(6):1105-11.
Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, et al. MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(6):1494-505.
Flamment M, Hajduch E, Ferré P, Foufelle F. New insights into ER stress-induced insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2012;23(8):381-90.
Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML. Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(6):1256-64; quiz 1446-7.
