Observational studies

why are they so important?

Authors

  • Alessandro Wasum Mariani Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo
  • Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

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Author Biographies

Alessandro Wasum Mariani, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

MD. Thoracic Surgeon, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.

Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes, Instituto do Coração, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo

MD, PhD. Associate Professor, Discipline of Thoracic Surgery, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas (HC), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Hannan EL. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies: guidelines for assessing respective strengths and limitations. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;1(3):211-7.

Yang W, Zilov A, Soewondo P, et al. Observational studies: going beyond the boundaries of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;88 Suppl 1:S3-9.

Mann CJ. Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J. 2003;20(1):54-60.

McNamee R. Confounding and confounders. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(3):227-34; quiz 164, 234.

Joffe MM, Rosenbaum PR. Invited commentary: propensity scores. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(4):327-33.

Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(25):1887-92.

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Published

2014-02-02

How to Cite

1.
Mariani AW, Pêgo-Fernandes PM. Observational studies: why are they so important?. Sao Paulo Med J [Internet]. 2014 Feb. 2 [cited 2025 Mar. 14];132(1):1-2. Available from: https://periodicosapm.emnuvens.com.br/spmj/article/view/1175

Issue

Vol. 132 No. 1 (2014)

Section

Editorial

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.