Epidemiologia do câncer de laringe no Brasil
Palavras-chave:
Neoplasias laríngeas, Epidemiologia, Incidência, Mortalidade, Fatores de riscoResumo
A cidade de São Paulo apresenta uma das mais altas incidências de câncer de laringe no mundo e o Brasil uma ocorrência expressiva quando comparada com outros países da América Latina. Em torno de 8.000 casos novos e 3.000 mortes pela doença atingem anualmente a população brasileira. Na cidade de São Paulo, as taxas de incidência por câncer de laringe mostram-se decrescentes desde o final da década de 1980, porém, entre as mulheres as taxas revelam-se estáveis. Estas tendências, possivelmente, expressam as mudanças no comportamento de homens e mulheres em relação ao consumo de cigarros. Vários fatores de risco são relacionados ao câncer de laringe. Os mais importantes são tabagismo e consumo bebidas alcoólicas, porém exposições a cancerígenos ocupacionais também são associadas à doença, como o amianto, os ácidos inorgânicos fortes, a poeira de cimento e a sílica cristalina livre. O consumo de carne salgada e gorduras está relacionado com excesso de risco de câncer de laringe. Por outro lado, vários estudos têm confirmado que frutas, vegetais crus e legumes protegem contra este câncer. Há referências da possível associação entre carcinoma espinocelular de laringe e o papiloma vírus humano (HPV), mas este fato não está comprovado. O refluxo gastro-intestinal relaciona-se de forma tênue, porém consistente com o câncer de laringe. Aglomeração de câncer na família, particularmente de tumores de cabeça e pescoço, aumenta o risco de câncer da laringe. Polimorfismos genéticos, especialmente de genes envolvidos na ação de enzimas responsáveis pela metabolização de cancerígenos, apresentam associação com o câncer de laringe de acordo com estudos recentes. Políticas de controle do tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool, bem como a vigilância de exposições a cancerígenos ocupacionais, terão benéficas repercussões no câncer de laringe. Não há recomendação para o rastreamento de câncer da laringe, todavia uma vez realizado o diagnóstico o tratamento médico imediato influenciará na sobrevida do paciente.
Downloads
Referências
INCA. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Estimativas de incidência e mortalidade por câncer no Brasil, 2003. Available from URL: http://www.inca.gov.br/estimativas/2003. Accessed in 2004 (Aug 4).
INCA. Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Atlas de mortalidade por câncer no Brasil 1979-1999. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2002.
Sartor SG. Riscos ocupacionais para câncer de laringe: um estudo caso-controle. [thesis]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; 2003.
Coleman MP, Estève J, Damiecki P, Arslan A, Renard H. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality. IARC Sci Publ. 1993;(121):1-806.
Austin DF, Reynolds P. Laryngeal Cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Searle JG, Fraumeni JF, editors. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. 2nd Edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 1997. p.619-36.
Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P, Parkin DM. Globocan 2000: cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide. Version 1. Can- cer base No. 5. Lyon: IARC Press; 2001. Available from URL: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/globocan/globocan.html. Accessed in 2004 (Aug 4).
Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer. 1999;80(6):827-41.
Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whelan SL, Gao Y-T, Ferlay J, Powell J. Cancer incidence in five continents. Vol. VI. Lyon: IARC, 1992. (IARC Scientific Publications No. 120).
Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young J. Cancer incidence in five continents. Vol. VII. Lyon: IARC, 1997. (IARC Scientific Publications No. 143).
Mirra AP, Latorre MRDO, Veneziano DB. Incidência de Câncer no Município de São Paulo, Brasil: tendência no período 1969-1999. [Cancer incidence in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, 1997-1998. Cancer mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Trend in the period 1969-1998]. Brasília, DF: Ministério da Saúde; 2001. Available from URL: http://www.google.com. br/search?q=cache:W6Bmhf9fAC8J:www.fsp.usp.br/rcsp/rcsp1. pdf+Cancer+incidence+in+the+city+of+S%C3%A3o+Paulo, +Brazil,+1997-1998+and+cancer+mortality+in+the+city+of
+S%C3%A3o+Paulo,+Brazil,+trend+in+the+period+1969- 1998.&hl=pt-BR. Accessed in 2004 (Aug 4).
Pinheiro PS, Tyczynski JE, Bray F, Amado J, Matos E, Parkin DM. Cancer incidence and mortality in Portugal. Eur J Cancer 2003;39(17):2507-20.
Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB. Cancer incidence in five continents. Vol. VIII. Lyon: IARC, 2002. (IARC Scientific Publications No. 155).
INCA. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Câncer no Brasil: dados dos registros de base populacional. Rio de Janeiro: INCA, 2003. Available from URL: http://www.inca.gov.br/regpop/2003/. Accessed in 2004 (Aug 4).
Pisani P, Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J. Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer. 1999;83(1):18-29.
Licitra L, Bernier J, Grandi C, et al. Cancer of the larynx. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;47(1):65-80.
Mirra AP, Franco EL. Cancer incidence in São Paulo County, Brazil. São Paulo: São Paulo Cancer Registry/Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (São Paulo Branch); 1985.
Berrino F, Sant M, Verdecchia A, Capocaccia R, Hakulinen T, Esteve J. Survival of cancer patients in Europe. The EUROCARE Study. Lyon: IARC; 1995. (IARC Scientific Publications No. 132).
Berrino F, Gatta G. Variation in survival of patients with head and neck cancer in Europe by the site of origin of the tumours. EUROCARE Working Group. Eur J Cancer. 1998;34 (14 Spec No):2154-61.
Berrino F, Capocaccia R, Esteve J. Survival of cancer patients in Europe. The EUROCARE-II Study.). Lyon: IARC; 1999. (IARC Scientific Publications No. 151).
Piccirillo JF, Wells CK, Sasaki CT, Feinstein AR. New clinical severity staging system for cancer of the larynx. Five-year survival rates. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1994;103(2):83-92.
Sasaki CT, Jassin B. Cancer of the pharynx and larynx. Am J Med. 2001;111(Suppl 8A):118S-123S.
Pera E, Moreno A, Galindo L. Prognostic factors in laryn- geal carcinoma. A multifactorial study of 416 cases. Cancer. 1986;58(4):928-34.
Stell PM. Prognosis in laryngeal carcinoma: host factors. Clin Otolaryngol. 1990;15(2):111-9.
Heffner DK. Infinitesimals, quantum mechanics, and exiguous carcinomas: how to possibly save a patient’s larynx. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2003;7(3):187-94.
Robbins KT. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of gender and menopausal status in laryngeal cancer. J Otolaryngol. 1988;17(2):81-5.
Sankaranarayanan R, Ramanakumar AV, Yeole BB. Survival from glottic and supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma in Mumbai (Bombay), India. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(7):656-63.
Liu M, Lawson G, Delos M, et al. Prognostic value of cell proliferation markers, tumour suppressor proteins and cell adhesion molecules in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;260(1):28-34
Tomasino RM, Daniele E, Bazan V, et al. Prognostic significance of cell kinetics in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: clinico- pathological associations. Cancer Res. 1995;55(24):6103-8.
Takes RP, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Schuuring E, et al. Markers for assessment of nodal metastasis in laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123(4):412-9.
Grzanka A, Sujkowska R, Janiak A, Adamska M. Immunogold labelling of PCNA and Ki-67 antigen at the ultrastructural level in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with lymph node metastasis and histological grade. Acta Histochem. 2000;102(2):139-49.
The periodic health examination. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. Can Med Assoc J. 1979;121(9):1193-254.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive services. 2nd edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1996.
Tuyns AJ, Audigier JC. Double wave cohort increase for oe- sophageal and laryngeal cancer in France in relation to reduced alcohol consumption during the second world war. Digestion. 1976;14(3):197-208.
McMichael AJ. Increases in laryngeal cancer in Britain and Australia in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption trends. Lancet. 1978;1(8076):1244-7.
Tomatis L. Cancer: Causes, occurrence and control. Lyon: IARC; 1990.
Wynder EL, Covey LS, Mabuchi K, Mushinski M. Environ- mental factors in cancer of the larynx: a second look. Cancer. 1976;38(4):1591-601.
Flanders WD, Rothman KJ. Interaction of alcohol and tobacco in laryngeal cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;115(3):371-9.
Elwood JM, Pearson JC, Skippen DH, Jackson SM. Alcohol, smoking, social and occupational factors in the aetiology of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Int J Cancer. 1984;34(5):603-12.
Talamini R, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, et al. Combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on laryngeal cancer risk: a case-control study. Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13(10):957-64.
Muscat JE, Wynder EL. Tobacco, alcohol, asbestos, and occupational risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Cancer. 1992;69(9):2244-51.
Tavani A, Negri E, Franceschi S, Barbone F, La Vecchia C. Attributable risk for laryngeal cancer in northern Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3(2):121-5.
Kjaerheim K, Gaard M, Andersen A. The role of alcohol, tobacco, and dietary factors in upper aerogastric tract cancers: a prospective study of 10,900 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control 1998;9(1):99-108.
Gallus S, Bosetti C, Franceschi S, Levi F, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Laryngeal cancer in women: tobacco, alcohol, nutritional, and hormonal factors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003;12(6):514-7.
Schlecht NF, Franco EL, Pintos J, et al. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Brazil. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(11):1129-37.
Elci OC, Dosemeci M, Blair A. Occupation and the risk of laryngeal cancer in Turkey. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001;27(4):233-9.
Elci OC, Akpinar-Elci M, Blair A, Dosemeci M. Risk of laryngeal cancer by occupational chemical exposure in Turkey. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(10):1100-6.
Boffetta P, Richiardi L, Berrino F, et al. Occupation and larynx and hypopharynx cancer: an international case-control study in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14(3):203-12.
Stell PM, McGill T. Asbestos and laryngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 1973;2(7826):416-7.
Newhouse ML, Berry G. Abestos and laryngeal carcinoma. Lancet. 1973;2(7829):615.
Shettigara PT, Morgan RW. Asbestos, smoking, and laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Environ Health. 1975;30(10):517-9.
Burch JD, Howe GR, Miller AB, Semenciw R. Tobacco, alcohol, asbestos, and nickel in the etiology of cancer of the larynx: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981;67(6):1219-24.
Gustavsson P, Jakobsson R, Johansson H, Lewin F, Norell S, Rutkvist LE. Occupational exposures and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesopha- gus: a case-control study in Sweden. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55(6):393-400.
De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Ronco A, Kogevinas M, Mendilaharsu M. Occupation and the risk of laryngeal cancer in Uruguay. Am J Ind Med. 1998;33(6):537-42.
Berrino F, Richiardi L, Boffetta P, et al. Occupation and larynx and hypopharynx cancer: a job-exposure matrix approach in an international case-control study in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14(3):213-23.
IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Occupational exposures to mists and vapours from strong inorganic acids; and other industrial chemicals. Lyon: IARC Press; 1992. p. 41-119.
Steenland K. Laryngeal cancer incidence among workers exposed to acid mists (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8(1):34-8.
Dietz A, Ramroth H, Urban T, Ahrens W, Becher H. Exposure to cement dust, related occupational groups and laryngeal cancer risk: results of a population based case-control study. Int J Cancer 2004;108(6):907-11.
Pollán M, López-Abente G. Wood-related occupations and laryngeal cancer. Cancer Detect Prev. 1995;19(3):250-7.
IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Wood dust and formaldehyde. Lyon: IARC Press; 1995.
IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans. The rubber industry. Lyon: IARC Press; 1982.
Neves H. Mortalidade por câncer em uma coorte de trabalhadores da indústria da borracha de São Paulo. [thesis] São Paulo: Facul- dade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo; 2004.
Flanders WD, Rothman KJ. Occupational risk for laryngeal cancer. Am J Public Health. 1982;72(4):369-72.
De Stefani E, Oreggia F, Rivero S, Ronco A, Fierro L. Salted meat consumption and the risk of laryngeal cancer. Eur J Epidemiol 1995;11(2):177-80.
De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, et al. Plant foods and risk of laryngeal cancer: A case-control study in Uruguay. Int J Cancer. 2000;87(1):129-32.
Oreggia F, De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Ronco AL. Meat, fat and risk of laryngeal cancer: a case- control study in Uruguay. Oral Oncol. 2001;37(2):141-5.
Estève J, Riboli E, Péquignot G, et al. Diet and cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx: the IARC multi-center study in south- western Europe. Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7(2):240-52.
Crosignani P, Russo A, Tagliabue G, Berrino F. Tobacco and diet as determinants of survival in male laryngeal cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 1996;65(3):308-13.
Bosetti C, La Vecchia C, Talamini R, et al. Food groups and laryngeal cancer risk: a case-control study from Italy and Swit- zerland. Int J Cancer. 2002;100(3):355-60.
Sugár J, Vereczkey I, Tóth J. Some etio-pathogenetic factors in laryngeal carcinogenesis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1996;15(2-4):195-9.
Smith EM, Summersgill KF, Allen J, et al. Human papilloma- virus and risk of laryngeal cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109(11):1069-76.
Herrero R. Chapter 7: Human papillomavirus and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2003;(31):47-51.
Biacabe B, Gleich LL, Laccourreye O, Hartl DM, Bouchoucha M, Brasnu D. Silent gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with pharyngolaryngeal cancer: further results. Head Neck. 1998;20(6):510-4.
Galli J, Cammarota G, Calò L, et al. The role of acid and alkaline reflux in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2002;112(10):1861-5.
El-Serag HB, Hepworth EJ, Lee P, Sonnenberg A. Gastroesopha- geal reflux disease is a risk factor for laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96(7):2013-8.
Weaver EM. Association between gastroesophageal reflux and sinusitis, otitis media, and laryngeal malignancy: a systematic review of the evidence. Am J Med. 2003;115(Supp l3A):81S-89S.
Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Kowalski LP, Narod SA, Franco EL. Family history of cancer is a risk factor for squamous cell carci- noma of the head and neck in Brazil: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1995;63(6):769-73.
Wünsch-Filho V, Boffetta P, Colin D, Moncau JE. Familial cancer aggregation and the risk of lung cancer. São Paulo Med J. 2002;120(2):38-44.
Elahi A, Zheng Z, Park J, Eyring K, McCaffrey T, Lazarus P. The human OGG1 DNA repair enzyme and its association with orolaryngeal cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 2002;23(7):1229-34.
Jahnke V, Matthias C, Fryer A, Strange R. Glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome-P-450 polymorphism as risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Am J Surg. 1996;172(6):671-3.
Jourenkova-Mironova N, Voho A, Bouchardy C, et al. Glutathi- one S-tranferase GSTM3 and GSTP1 genotypes and larynx cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(2):185-8.
Varzim G, Monteiro E, Silva RA, Fernandes J, Lopes C. CYP1A1 and XRCC1 gene polymorphisms in SCC of the larynx. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12(6):495-9.
Elahi A, Bendaly J, Zheng Z, et al. Detection of UGT1A10 polymorphisms and their association with orolaryngeal carci- noma risk. Cancer. 2003;98(4):872-80.
Risch A, Ramroth H, Raedts V, et al. Laryngeal cancer risk in Caucasians is associated with alcohol and tobacco consump- tion but not modified by genetic polymorphisms in class I alcohol dehydrogenases ADH1B and ADH1C, and glutathi- one-S-transferases GSTM1 and GSTT1. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13(4):225-30.
Gronau S, Koenig-Greger D, Jerg M, Riechelmann H. Gene polymorphisms in detoxification enzymes as susceptibility fac- tor for head and neck cancer? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;128(5):674-80.
Agudelo D, Quer M, León X, Díez S, Burgués J. Laryngeal carcinoma in patients without a history of tobacco and alcohol use. Head Neck. 1997;19(3):200-4.
Rego RA, Berardo FA, Rodrigues SS, et al. Fatores de risco para doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis: inquérito domiciliar no município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil). Metodologia e resultados preliminares. [Risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases: a domiciliary survey in the municipality of São Paulo, SP (Brazil). Methodology and preliminary results]. Rev Saúde Pública. 1990;24(4):277-85.
Joly DJ. El hábito de fumar cigarrillos en America Latina. Una encuesta en ocho ciudades. [The cigarette smoking habit in Latin America. A survey in 8 cities]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam. 1975;79(2):93-111.
Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Polanczyk CA, Homrich CS, Rosa RS, Achutti AC. Fatores de risco para doenças não-transmissíveis em uma área metropolitana na região sul do Brasil. Prevalência e simultaneidade. [Risk factors for non-communicable diseases in a metropolitan area in south of Brazil. Prevalence and simultane- ity]. Rev Saúde Pública. 1993;27(1):43-8.
Carlini-Marlatt B. “A população é jovem e o país é quente”: estimativas de consumo de álcool e tabaco no Brasil pelos dados das indústrias produtoras. J Bras Dep Quim. 2001;2(1):3-8.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
